There may be better constants than 2^64/phi, perhaps some large prime number with roughly equal number of one and zero bits could also work.

This will prevent bucket collisions on hash table resizing that may lead to "accidentally quadratic" behavior [2], while not requiring rehashing with a different salt.

I didn't do detailed analysis on whether it helps on hash table merging too, but I think it would.

[0] https://probablydance.com/2018/06/16/fibonacci-hashing-the-o... [1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43677122 [2] https://accidentallyquadratic.tumblr.com/post/153545455987/r...

If you merge linear probed tables by iterating in sorted hash order then you are matching the storage order and can congest particular parts of the table and cause the linear probing worse case behaviour.

By changing the iteration order, or salting the hash, you can avoid this.

Of course chained hash tables don't suffer from this particular problem.

My quick thought is that hash tables ought keep an internal salt hidden away. This seems good to avoid 'attacks' as well as speeding up merging etc. The only downside I can think of is that the creation of the table needs to fetch a random salt that might not be quick, although that can alleviated by allowing it to be set externally in the table creation so people who don't care can set it to 0 or whatever. What am I missing?

> Abseil

> Rust standard

> hashbrown

These hash tables are not based on plain linear probing, they use something that's essentially quadratic probing done in chunks. Not sure about the others but they might be doing something similar.

Let h0 be the larger table, and h1 the smaller. N = len(h0), M = len(h1). Pretend the elements of the tables are sequentially indexed. Element[0] is h0[0], Element[N] is h1[0], etc.

     h0' = Resize(h0, (N+M)*capacity_factor)

    for x in 0...(range):
      y = permute(x, 0, (N+M)*capacity_factor)
      if(y >= N) move_to(h0'[y], element[x])

Any randomish permutation works, from basic ones up to cryptographic. If your permutation only works on certain powers of two, iterate it until the result is in range.

HashMap implements Extend, so just h0.extend(h1) and you're done, the people who made your HashMap type are much better equipped to optimize this common operation.

In a new enough C++ in theory you might find the same functionality supported, but Quality of Implementation tends to be pretty frightful.