Alexis King, the author of the original "Parse, Don't Validate" article, also published a follow-up, "Names are not type safety" [0] clarifying that the "newtype" pattern (such as hiding a nonzero integer in a wrapper type) provide weaker guarantees than correctness by construction. Her original "Parse, Don't Validate" article also includes the following caveat:

> Use abstract datatypes to make validators “look like” parsers. Sometimes, making an illegal state truly unrepresentable is just plain impractical given the tools Haskell provides, such as ensuring an integer is in a particular range. In that case, use an abstract newtype with a smart constructor to “fake” a parser from a validator.

So, an abstract data type that protects its inner data is really a "validator" that tries to resemble a "parser" in cases where the type system itself cannot encode the invariant.

The article's second example, the non-empty vec, is a better example, because it encodes within the type system the invariant that one element must exist. The crux of Alexis King's article is that programs should be structured so that functions return data types designed to be correct by construction, akin to a parser transforming less-structured data into more-structured data.

[0] https://lexi-lambda.github.io/blog/2020/11/01/names-are-not-...

also:

Parse, Don’t Validate – Some C Safety Tips - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44507405 - July 2025 (73 comments)

Parse, Don't Validate (2019) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41031585 - July 2024 (102 comments)

Parse, don't validate (2019) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35053118 - March 2023 (219 comments)

Parse, Don't Validate (2019) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27639890 - June 2021 (270 comments)

Parsix: Parse Don't Validate - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27166162 - May 2021 (107 comments)

Parse, Don’t Validate - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21476261 - Nov 2019 (230 comments)

Parse, Don't Validate - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21471753 - Nov 2019 (4 comments)

(p.s. these links are just to satisfy extra-curious readers - no criticism is intended! I add this because people sometimes assume otherwise)

Like how clojure basically uses maps everywhere and the whole standard library allows you to manipulate them in various ways.

The main problem with the many type approach is several same it worse similar types, all incompatible.

https://www.stroustrup.com/Concept-based-GP.pdf

  {
     Number<unsigned int> ii = 0;
     Number<char> cc = '0';
     ii = 2; // OK
     ii = -2; // throws
     cc = i; // OK if i is within cc’s range
     cc = -17; // OK if char is signed; otherwise throws
     cc = 1234; // throws if a char is 8 bits
  }

    get_elem_at_index(array, index)

"In Idris, a length-indexed vector is Vect n a (length n is in the type), and a valid index into length n is Fin n ('a natural number strictly less than n')."

Similar tricks work with division that might result in inf/-inf, to prevent them from typechecking, and more subtle implications in e.g. higher order types and functions

I would just (as a default; the situation varies)... validate prior to the division and handle as appropriate.

The analogous situation I encounter frequently is indexing, e.g. checking if the index is out of bounds. Similar idea; check; print or display an error, then fail that computation without crashing the program. Usually an indication of some bug, which can be tracked down. Or, if it's an array frequently indexed, use a (Canonical for Rust's core) `get` method on the whatever struct owns the array. It returns an Option.

I do think either the article's approach, or validating is better than runtime crashes! There are many patterns in programming. Using Types in this way is something I see a lot of in OSS rust, but it is not my cup of tea. Not heinous in this case, but I think not worth it.

This is the key to this article's philosophy, near the bottom:

> I love creating more types. Five million types for everyone please.

```

impl Add for NonZeroF32 { ... }

impl Add<f32> for NonZeroF32 { ... }

impl Add<NonZeroF32> for f32 { ... }

```

What type would it return though?