IOMMU may induce some interrupt remapping latency, I'd be interested in seeing:

1) interrupt counts (normalized to IOPS) from /proc/interrupts

2) "hardirqs -d" (bcc-tools) output for IRQ handling latency histograms

3) perf record -g output to see if something inside interrupt handling codepath takes longer (on bare metal you can see inside hardirq handler code too)

Would be interesting to see if with IOMMU each interrupt handling takes longer on CPU (or is the handling time roughly the same, but interrupt delivery takes longer). There may be some interrupt coalescing thing going on as well (don't know exactly what else gets enabled with IOMMU).

Since interrupts are raised "randomly", independently from whatever your app/kernel code is running on CPUs, it's a bit harder to visualize total interrupt overhead in something like flamegraphs, as the interrupt activity is all over the place in the chart. I used flamegraph search/highlight feature to visually identify how much time the interrupt detours took during stress test execution.

Example here (scroll down a little):

https://tanelpoder.com/posts/linux-hiding-interrupt-cpu-usag...

A short summary below.

We ran fio benchmarks comparing libaio and io_uring across kernels (5.4 -> 7.0-rc3). The most surprising part wasn’t io_uring gains (~2x), but a ~30% regression caused by IOMMU being enabled by default between releases.

Happy to share more details about setup or reproduce results.